Robots vs Aliens: Pervasive Robotic Control of the Invasive Alien Species Hydrocotyle ranunculoides: Floating Pennywort

PGR-P-2323

Key facts

Type of research degree: PhD
Application deadline: Friday 14 November 2025
Project start date: Thursday 1 October 2026
Country eligibility: UK only
Funding: Competition funded
Source of funding: Doctoral training partnership
Supervisors: Dr George Jackson-Mills
Additional supervisors: Prof Robert Richardson
Schools: School of Mechanical Engineering
Research groups/institutes: Institute of Design, Robotics and Optimisation

<h2 class="heading hide-accessible">Summary</h2>

Floating pennywort is an invasive aquatic plant that poses a major threat to UK waterways. It grows rapidly into dense mats that block light and oxygen, choke ecosystems, reduce biodiversity, disrupt navigation and increase flood risk. Current methods rely on manual removal, which is costly, labour-intensive and often unsustainable as the plant quickly regrows from tiny missed fragments. This project will develop an autonomous robotics-led solution to eradicate floating pennywort using a forensic approach. Robots can work continuously, monitor regrowth in real time and respond instantly, offering a scalable, sustainable alternative to traditional approaches. The impact reaches beyond the local catchment, supporting the UN Sustainable Development Goals: SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 13 (Climate Action), SDG 14 (Life Below Water), SDG 15 (Life on Land) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure). The project is supervised by Dr George Jackson-Mills, an expert in pervasive robotics for inspection and maintenance, and co-supervised by Professor Robert Richardson, director of the EPSRC National Facility for Innovative Robotics Systems. The student will join the Institute of Design, Robotics and Manufacture (iDRaM) and become part of the REAL Robotics team, a vibrant community of academics, researchers, technicians, and PhD’s who provide strong technical support, collaboration opportunities and a great social working environment. An inclusive environment and supportive application process: As an international research-intensive university, we welcome students from all walks of life and from across the world. We foster an inclusive environment where all can flourish and prosper, and we are proud of our strong commitment to student education. Interested? Discuss this PhD Opportunity with Dr George Jackson-Mills by contacting: g.jackson-mills@leeds.ac.uk

<h2 class="heading hide-accessible">Full description</h2>

Background: Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are one of the most serious threats to biodiversity worldwide, and the UK is no exception. They disrupt native ecosystems, increase flood risk, and create significant economic costs, estimated at over £1.8 billion annually. Well-known examples include Japanese knotweed, Himalayan balsam and signal crayfish, but lesser known aquatic species are just as problematic due to their rapid spread and difficulty to manage once established. Floating pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides) is a prime invasive example. Originally introduced as an ornamental pond plant, it has become one of the most damaging aquatic IAS in the UK. Growing up to 20 cm per day, it forms dense mats that block sunlight, strip oxygen from the water, choke ecosystems, harm biodiversity, obstruct navigation and increase flood risk. Manual removal is currently the main control method, but it is expensive, highly time-intensive and often ineffective, as even small fragments can regrow into new infestations within weeks. The current process takes a “forensic” removal approach, which seeks to do initial large scale removal, and then over the coming months trained pennywort removal experts back to the initial site to sweep for resurgent pieces of growth, this is repeated until the section has been deemed clear. This PhD project, “Robots vs Aliens: Pervasive Robotic Control of the Invasive Alien Species Hydrocotyle ranunculoides: Floating Pennywort”, offers an exciting opportunity to develop a robotics-led solution to this urgent challenge. The project will design autonomous robots capable of detecting, mapping and removing floating pennywort. Equipped with AI-based recognition and localisation systems, these robots will continuously monitor regrowth and act proactively before infestations spiral out of control. This marks a shift from reactive, manual clearance to proactive, scalable and sustainable invasive species management. Industry partners involved in the project have access to a WasteShark robotic waste removal system that is prime for modification by the student and should serve as an excellent baseline for an autonomous aquatic platform that can be modified with a pennywort detection and manipulation system. The project also forms part of a wider revolution in robotics for environmental management. It is ideal for a student keen to explore robotics and AI across the full stack: perception, mapping, localisation, simulation and practical deployment. The research will involve hands-on development in state-of-the-art labs, with access to advanced manufacturing facilities for both additive and subtractive prototyping. The student will also test their systems in real-world environments through collaborations with project partners within the Yorkshire Invasive Species Forum, including; the River Stewardship Company, Yorkshire Wildlife Trust, Yorkshire Water, the Canal and River Trust, and the Environment Agency. These links provide valuable opportunities to work alongside ecologists and invasive species experts, ensuring the robotics solutions are grounded in ecological reality and deliver tangible environmental benefits. The project contributes directly to global sustainability, supporting SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 13 (Climate Action), SDG 14 (Life Below Water), SDG 15 (Life on Land) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) and will have wide ranging and immediate impacts for the environment. Supervision is provided by George Jackson-Mills, an Early Career Academic specialising in robotics for inspection, maintenance and in-pipe systems, and Professor Robert Richardson, Director of the EPSRC National Facility for Innovative Robotics Systems. The student will join the Institute of Design, Robotics and Manufacture (iDRaM), a collaborative and socially active community that encourages interdisciplinary connections, and become a core member of the REAL Robotics team. REAL Robotics is a vibrant group of academics and technicians with expertise across many areas of field robotics, offering both strong technical support and a welcoming environment where PhD researchers are fully integrated as team members. Research objectives: <ol> <li>Conduct a literature review on aquatic robots, manipulation and locomotion methods, and methods of plant detection and obstacle removal. </li> <li>Development of Floating Pennywort recognition algorithms using object detection/computer vision and/or leaf reflectance spectroscopy. </li> <li>Design and manufacture a robust, water-deployable manipulator for long-term autonomous operation to interface with existing aquatic platforms. </li> <li>Integrate detection and collection with an autonomous decision-making framework to support plant retrieval, and targeted removal or reporting via INNS Mapper software. </li> <li>Perform both lab-based and real world testing of detection, manipulation, navigation assessed against simulated and calculated scenarios. </li> </ol> Training and Career Development This PhD offers an excellent platform for personal and professional growth, combining advanced technical training with transferable skills development. You will gain hands-on experience in robotics design, integration and testing, supported by training on our advanced manufacturing equipment, including 3D printers and subtractive machining tools. During your research you will also develop expertise in simulation, AI perception systems and field deployment, supported by access to leading robotics software packages. Alongside the technical focus, you will receive training in ecological field methods, including opportunities to work with ecological experts on invasive species removal in real waterways, and even learn to kayak as part of field activities (ability to kayak not required at application stage!). In addition, you will benefit from standard doctoral development opportunities, including training in scientific writing, project management, research ethics, dissemination for technical and non-technical audiences, and oral presentation skills. You will have the chance to present your work at international conferences, engage in regular group seminars and collaborate across the REAL Robotics and iDRaM research community. The University provides a wide range of professional development courses, from software training to career planning workshops, and you will be encouraged to take advantage of these. By the end of the PhD, you will have built a comprehensive skill set that spans robotics engineering, ecological application, project management and communication, placing you in an excellent position for a career in academia, industry or applied research. This project is particularly suited to candidates who want to be at the forefront of the growing field of robotics. Skills Required We are seeking a motivated student with a strong interest in robotics, AI and improving the environment in general. Essential skills include; self-motivation and planning, writing technical reports, design test methodology, and carry out hardware–software integration. Experience with electrical component development and testing (including soldering), mechanical design using CAD (SolidWorks preferred), and manufacturing methods (particularly additive manufacturing such as 3D printing, but also subtractive processes) will be highly valuable. Programming experience is required, ideally in C++ and Python, with additional familiarity in MATLAB and simulation frameworks such as ROS/ROS2, Gazebo or Isaac Sim considered an advantage. Experience in computer vision would also be beneficial, for example through working with OpenCV, TensorFlow or PyTorch, or applying image processing techniques such as object detection or segmentation. Knowledge of camera systems, dataset preparation and evaluation, or integrating vision with robotic platforms would be helpful, but prior expertise is not essential. Training and support will be provided, and we particularly welcome candidates who are enthusiastic to develop new skills in this area. Candidates should have an aptitude for practical work, including hardware prototyping, system testing and iterative design, as well as the ability to work both independently and as part of a collaborative, interdisciplinary team. While prior experience in all these areas is not expected, a willingness to learn and develop across this broad skill set is essential. Why Study for a PhD at the School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds? The School of Mechanical Engineering at Leeds is a globally recognised centre of excellence, offering PhD students the opportunity to contribute to impactful research across diverse and cutting-edge fields. With 96% of research rated as “world-leading” or “internationally excellent” (REF 2021), the School is home to four specialist research institutes: <ul style="margin-top:7px; margin-bottom:13px"> <li style="margin-top:7px; margin-bottom:13px">Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering – Pioneering innovations in joint replacement and regenerative medicine, with research that has influenced international clinical standards and improved outcomes for over a million patients </li> <li style="margin-top:7px; margin-bottom:13px">Institute of Thermofluids – Tackling global challenges in energy, transport, and sustainability through advanced fluid dynamics and heat transfer research</li> <li style="margin-top:7px; margin-bottom:13px">Institute of Functional Surfaces – Leading work in tribology, corrosion, and surface engineering, with applications in energy, carbon abatement, aerospace, automotive, and biomedical sectors</li> <li style="margin-top:7px; margin-bottom:13px; margin-left:8px">Institute of Design, Robotics and Manufacturing (iDRaM) iDRaM brings together over 100 researchers and technical staff to tackle complex challenges in design, robotics, and advanced manufacturing. The institute is renowned for achieving real-world impact in applications spanning healthcare, aerospace, and industrial automation.</li> </ul> PhD students benefit from access to state-of-the-art facilities, including UK-leading labs and simulation platforms, and are supported by the Leeds Doctoral College, which provides tailored training, wellbeing services, and career development opportunities. The School maintains strong industry links with organisations such as GE Global Research, Johnson & Johnson, Honeywell, AECOM, Infineum and Total Energies,offering students opportunities to engage in collaborative projects, attend industry seminars, and build networks that support future careers in academia or industry Join a vibrant, international research community in a dynamic city, and be part of a university committed to solving real-world problems through engineering innovation. The Institute of Design, Robotics and Manufacturing (iDRAM) The Institute of Design, Robotics and Manufacturing (iDRAM) at the University of Leeds is shaping the future of sustainable, digitally enabled engineering. Research here focuses on Industry 4.0 technologies, including smart manufacturing, robotics, and advanced design systems, to create cleaner, more efficient production processes. PhD students at iDRAM work on projects that integrate automation, AI, and data-driven optimisation to reduce waste, improve energy efficiency, and enable circular economy principles in manufacturing. The institute’s expertise spans digital twins, additive manufacturing, and intelligent robotics, all critical for achieving sustainable industrial transformation. With access to cutting-edge facilities such as the EPSRC National Facility for Innovative Robotics Systems and strong partnerships with global industry leaders, students gain hands-on experience in technologies driving the green industrial revolution. By joining iDRAM, PhD researchers become part of a multidisciplinary team committed to delivering sustainable solutions for sectors from aerospace to healthcare—developing the skills to lead in a world where digital innovation and environmental responsibility go hand in hand. Our Commitment to an Inclusive, Equitable and Diverse Research Community: As an international research-intensive university, we welcome students from all walks of life and from across the world. Across all Faculties we are dedicated to diversifying our community and we welcome the unique contributions that individuals can bring, and particularly encourage applications from, but not limited to Black, Asian, people who belong to a minority ethnic community, people who identify as LGBT+ and people with disabilities. Applicants will always be selected based on merit and ability. We can help support your application! – Contact our <a href="https://contextualoutreach.leeds.ac.uk/pgr-diversity/access-to-research/">Access to Research Team</a> <div> <div> <div class="msocomtxt" id="_com_1" language="JavaScript"> </div> </div> </div> <div> </div>

<h2 class="heading">How to apply</h2>

Formal applications for research degree study should be made online through the <a href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk/research-applying/doc/applying-research-degrees">University's website</a>. Please state clearly in the Planned Course of Study section that you are applying for EPSRC DTP Engineering & Physical Sciences and in the research information section that the research degree you wish to be considered for is Robots vs Aliens: Pervasive Robotic Control of the Invasive Alien Species Hydrocotyle ranunculoides: Floating Pennywort as well as <a href="https://robotics.leeds.ac.uk/profiles/dr-george-jackson-mills/">Dr George Jackson-Mills</a> as your proposed supervisor. Please state in the Finance section that you are applying for the EPSRC Doctoral Landscape Award 2026/27: Mechanical Engineering. If English is not your first language, you must provide evidence that you meet the University's minimum English language requirements (below). Applications will be considered after the closing date. Potential applicants are strongly encouraged to contact the supervisors for an informal discussion before making a formal application. We also advise that you apply at the earliest opportunity as the application and selection process may close early, should we receive a sufficient number of applications or that a suitable candidate is appointed. Please note that you must provide the following documents in support of your application by the closing date of Friday 14 November 2025: <ul> <li>Full Transcripts of all degree study or if in final year of study, full transcripts to date including grading scheme</li> <li>Personal Statement outlining your interest in the project</li> <li>CV</li> </ul> As an international research-intensive university, we welcome students from all walks of life and from across the world. We foster an inclusive environment where all can flourish and prosper, and we are proud of our strong commitment to student education. Across all Faculties we are dedicated to diversifying our community and we welcome the unique contributions that individuals can bring, and particularly encourage applications from, but not limited to Black, Asian, people who belong to a minority ethnic community, people who identify as LGBT+ and people with disabilities. Applicants will always be selected based on merit and ability.

<h2 class="heading heading--sm">Entry requirements</h2>

Applicants to research degree programmes should normally have at least a first class or an upper second class British Bachelors Honours degree (or equivalent) in an appropriate discipline. The criteria for entry for some research degrees may be higher, for example, several faculties, also require a Masters degree. Applicants are advised to check with the relevant School prior to making an application. Applicants who are uncertain about the requirements for a particular research degree are advised to contact the School or Graduate School prior to making an application.

<h2 class="heading heading--sm">English language requirements</h2>

The minimum English language entry requirement for research postgraduate research study is an IELTS of 6.0 overall with at least 5.5 in each component (reading, writing, listening and speaking) or equivalent. The test must be dated within two years of the start date of the course in order to be valid. Some schools and faculties have a higher requirement.

<h2 class="heading">Funding on offer</h2>

A highly competitive EPSRC Doctoral Landscape Award providing full academic fees, together with a tax-free maintenance grant at the standard UKRI rate (£20,780 in academic session 2025/26) for 3.5 years. Training and support will also be provided. This opportunity is open to UK applicants only. All candidates will be placed into the EPSRC Doctoral Landscape Award Competition and selection is based on academic merit. Please note that there is only 2 funded place(s) available and there are 17 projects in competition for this funding. If you are successful in securing an academic offer for PhD study, this does not mean that you have been successful in securing an offer of funding. Please refer to the <a href="https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukcisa.org.uk%2F&data=05%7C02%7CJ.S.Hewer%40leeds.ac.uk%7C07632c93c06a442dca3d08ddfc172939%7Cbdeaeda8c81d45ce863e5232a535b7cb%7C0%7C0%7C638943898649349324%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=nylGSov8jOc7hr6X%2FmfnfQPecbVUnGqgoSqVgPGy5K0%3D&reserved=0">UKCISA</a> website for information regarding Fee Status for Non-UK Nationals.

<h2 class="heading">Contact details</h2>

For further information about this project, please contact Dr George Jackson-Mills by email to <a href="mailto:G.Jackson-Mills@leeds.ac.uk">G.Jackson-Mills@leeds.ac.uk</a> For further information about your application, please contact PGR Admissions by email to <a href="mailto:phd@engineering.leeds.ac.uk">phd@engineering.leeds.ac.uk</a>

<h3 class="heading heading--sm">Linked funding opportunities</h3>